What is a bull market vs bear market?

A bull market occurs when asset prices rise by 20% or more from recent lows, typically accompanied by widespread investor optimism and confidence. During these periods, economic indicators such as gross domestic product growth and low unemployment rates often support sustained upward momentum. Investors generally hold a positive outlook, leading to increased buying activity that pushes valuations higher. A bear market is defined by a decline of 20% or more from recent highs in broad market indices, such as the S&P 500. These phases are characterized by pessimism and fear, often triggered by economic slowdowns, rising interest rates, or geopolitical instability. During a bear market, investors frequently sell assets to avoid further losses, which creates a cycle of downward price pressure. The average duration of a bear market historically lasts about 289 days, which is significantly shorter than the average bull market duration of approximately 2.7 years. Market cycles are unpredictable and past performance does not guarantee future results. Trading and investing involve substantial risk of loss. Beginners should understand that market volatility is a standard component of both bull and bear cycles, and capital can be lost during either phase.